What is a GP?

A GP, or general practitioner, is a medically qualified doctor who provides primary health care for people of all ages. As the first point of contact within the NHS, GPs diagnose and treat a wide range of illnesses, promote wellbeing and coordinate care when specialist treatment is needed. Understanding what a GP does, how to register with one and what to expect during a consultation can help you make the most of this vital service.

What is a GP
A GP is a doctor who specialises in general practice, offering holistic care rather than focusing on a single organ or disease. GPs work from surgeries, health centres or clinics, seeing patients for both acute problems such as infections and minor injuries, and ongoing issues such as diabetes or high blood pressure. They provide health advice, prescribe medication, perform minor procedures and refer patients to hospital specialists when necessary. The breadth of conditions GPs manage means they develop a deep understanding of each patient’s physical, mental and social context.

History of general practice
General practice has evolved from the days when family doctors made house calls to care for all members of a community. The NHS formalised general practice in 1948, contracting GPs to provide free care at the point of use. Over decades the role expanded to include health promotion, chronic disease management and mental health support. Today GPs lead multidisciplinary teams of nurses, pharmacists and other health professionals to deliver comprehensive care close to home.

Roles and responsibilities
GPs assess new symptoms, order investigations such as blood tests or X‑rays and interpret results. They manage long term conditions, adjusting treatments to keep patients stable. GPs offer immunisations, health screenings and lifestyle advice to prevent illness. They support mental health by recognising anxiety, depression or stress and referring to counselling or specialist services as needed. Many also carry out minor surgery, fit contraceptive devices or supervise care homes. Co ordinating referrals to hospital specialists and liaising with community services ensures patients receive joined up care.

Training and qualifications
Becoming a GP involves five to six years of medical school, followed by two foundation years rotating through hospital specialties. Doctors then enter a three year general practice training programme, working under supervision in both GP surgeries and hospital departments. They must pass membership exams set by the Royal College of General Practitioners and maintain their skills through continual professional development. All GPs are listed on the General Medical Council register and participate in regular appraisals and revalidation to ensure high standards.

When to see a GP
You should consult a GP when you have symptoms that last more than a few days, recur frequently or affect your daily life. Examples include a persistent cough, unexplained pain, mood changes, difficulty sleeping or managing a long term condition. GPs also provide guidance on minor illnesses such as colds, rashes or digestive upset. For emergencies such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulties or signs of stroke, you should call 999 or go to A&E rather than your GP.

How to register and book appointments
To register, find a surgery accepting new patients in your area via the NHS website or by phoning local surgeries. You will need to complete a registration form and provide proof of identity and address. Once registered you can book appointments by phone, online through the NHS app or sometimes in person. Many practices now offer same day triage calls for urgent issues, telephone consultations for advice and video appointments for routine follow ups. Evening and weekend clinics may be available through your local GP network.

What to expect during a consultation
A standard GP appointment lasts around ten minutes. Be prepared with a brief description of your symptoms, relevant medical history, current medications and any questions you have. The GP will ask about your concerns, examine you if needed and may request tests or refer you for further assessment. They will explain any diagnosis, discuss treatment options and agree a plan. If your issue requires more time, you can ask for a double appointment. You can also bring a friend or family member for support if you wish.

Patient rights and confidentiality
GPs are bound by patient confidentiality and the NHS duty of candour. Your medical information is kept secure and shared only with your consent or when legally required. You have the right to access your medical records, discuss any concerns about your care and seek a second opinion. If you are unhappy with the service you receive, you can raise a complaint with the practice manager or through the NHS complaints procedure.

Challenges in primary care
Increasing demand, workforce shortages and rising complexity of health needs place pressure on GP services. Many GPs manage larger patient lists and longer consultations to address both physical and mental health issues. The shift towards remote consultations during the pandemic has improved access for some but created barriers for others without digital access. Initiatives such as expanding practice staffing, evening clinics and integration with community services aim to ease waiting times and maintain continuity of care.

The future of general practice
The NHS long term plan envisages stronger GP networks collaborating with community pharmacists, physiotherapists and mental health teams to provide care closer to home. Digital innovations such as online triage, secure messaging and remote monitoring of long term conditions will complement face to face care. Recruiting and retaining GPs through flexible working options and professional support is also central to meeting future health needs.

Summary
A GP is a specialist doctor who provides comprehensive primary care for people of all ages, managing a wide range of health concerns from minor ailments to chronic diseases. GPs undergo extensive training, work within multidisciplinary teams and play a key role in prevention, diagnosis and coordination of care. Registering with a GP surgery gives you access to appointments, advice and continuity of care close to home. By recognising when to see a GP, preparing for consultations and understanding patient rights, you can make the most of this essential NHS service.